Geospatial assessment of trace-level benzophenone-3 in a fish-bearing river using direct mass spectrometry
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Authors
Vandergrift, Gregory W.
Lattanzio-Battle, William
Rodgers, Thea R.
Atkinson, Jamieson B.
Krogh, Erik T.
Gill, Chris G.
Issue Date
2022-02-11
Type
Article
Language
en
Subject
Alternative Title
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) is present in many
sunscreens/cosmetics due to its UV-filtering properties, and has consequently been
observed in recreational waters. There are growing concerns about endocrine disruption
in aquatic organisms and broader impacts in freshwater and marine systems. Therefore,
there is value in cost-effective, sensitive techniques that allow for high-density, spatiotemporal
data to protect environmental health and inform public policy. Condensed phase
membrane introduction mass spectrometry coupled to liquid electron ionization with in
situ chemical ionization (CP-MIMS-LEI/CI) is a novel direct tandem mass spectrometry
technique that fulfills these criteria, and was applied to direct measurements of
benzophenone-3 in environmental water samples without any sample preparation. We
report results that are sensitive (20 ng/L detection limit), reproducible (11% interday
variability), and comparable to LC-MS/MS for environmental samples (n=4; 12-24%
different). CP-MIMS-LEI/CI was applied to samples (n=33) from the Cowichan River
and Cowichan Lake (British Columbia, Canada), an important fish-bearing system
significant to First Nations culture, salmonid production, and recreation. The quantitative
analysis afforded by CP-MIMS-LEI/CI enabled geospatial benzophenone-3 analysis,
identifying elevated concentrations (>180 ng/L) associated with local recreational
activity. LC-MS/MS measurements for samples from two locations suggest a correlation
between the number of swimmers and benzophenone-3 concentrations (R2 = 0.88, 0.94).
Description
This is a peer-reviewed accepted manuscript version of an article that was published as: Vandergrift, G.W., Lattanzio-Battle, W., Rodgers, T.R., Atkinson, J.B., Krogh, E.T., & Gill, C.G. (2022). Geospatial assessment of trace-level benzophenone-3 in a fish-bearing river using direct mass spectrometry. ACS ES&T Water, 2(2), 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.1c00205
Citation
Vandergrift, G.W., Lattanzio-Battle, W., Rodgers, T.R., Atkinson, J.B., Krogh, E.T., & Gill, C.G. (2022). Geospatial assessment of trace-level benzophenone-3 in a fish-bearing river using direct mass spectrometry. ACS ES&T Water, 2(2), 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.1c00205
Publisher
ACS Publications
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Journal
Volume
Issue
PubMed ID
ISSN
2690-0637